Structure for Common Offenses of Sexual Harassment Academe: Academic Authority, Organizational Environment and Gender-based Discrimination: Chinese Examples
LI Jun
Department of Sociology, School of Social Sciences at University of Macau, Macao, China
Abstract:This paper identifies the characteristics of sexual harassment in academe and structural factors contributing to its rise and continuity based on individual cases in Mainland China. It argues that both parties in sexual harassment in academe are in a power relationship that is different from that in other workplace. Students, especially graduate students rely on their professors' evaluation not only in their studies, living, income, but also future career. Professors may use their power tactically taking advantage of their superior experience in society and sex and their inexperienced students who find it difficult to resist and report. In academia, academic authority is too concentrated in the organizational environment. There lack rules to regulate professor and students relationships. The existence of gender-based discrimination in academic institutions is the root cause of sexual harassment that is overlooked, rationalized, tolerated and exempted from punishment.
李 军. 学术性骚扰的共犯性结构:学术权力、组织氛围与性别歧视——基于国内案例的分析[J]. 妇女研究论丛, 2014, 0(6): 44-55.
LI Jun. Structure for Common Offenses of Sexual Harassment Academe: Academic Authority, Organizational Environment and Gender-based Discrimination: Chinese Examples. , 2014, 0(6): 44-55.
[1]MacKinnon, Catharine A.. Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination[M]. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979. [2]李思磐. 性、谎言与培训课——“危险的导师”[N].南方都市报,2011-08-24. [3]Till, Frank J.. Sexual Harassment: A Report on the Sexual Harassment of Students[R]. Washington DC: US Department of Education, 1980. [4]Gruber, James E.. A Typology of Personal and Environmental Sexual Harassment: Research and Policy Implications for the 1990s[J]. Sex Roles, 1992,26(11-12). [5]Fitzgerald, L. F., Weitzman, L. M., Gold, Y., & Ormerod, M.. Academic Harassment[J]. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1988,12(3). [6]Cortina, Lilia M., et al.. Sexual Harassment and Assault[J]. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1998, 22(3). [7]Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullman, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, J., Gold, Y., Weitzman, L.. The Incidence and Dimensions of Sexual Harassment in Academia and the Workplace[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1988,32(2). [8]McDermut, J. F., Haaga, D. A., & Kirk, L.. An Evaluation of Stress Symptoms Associated with Academic Sexual Harassment[J]. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2000,13(3). [9]Cleary, J. S., Schmieler, C. R., Parascenzo, L. C., & Ambrosio, N.. Sexual Harassment of College Students: Implications for Campus Health Promotion[J]. Journal of American College Health, 1994, 43(1). [10]Tang, Catherine So-kum, et al.. Sexual Harassment of Chinese College Students[J]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1996, 25(2). [11]Tang, Catherine So-kum, et al.. How do Chinese College Students Define Sexual Harassment?[J]. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1995, 10(4). [12]“工作场所中的性骚扰研究”课题组. 工作场所中的性骚扰:多重权力和身份关系的不平等——对20个案例的调查和分析[J]. 妇女研究论丛,2009 ,(6 ). [13]唐灿,黄觉,薛宁兰著.走向法治——工作场所性骚扰的调查与研究[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社, 2012. [14]蒋梅. 湖南高校女大学生遭受性骚扰现状与对策研究[J]. 妇女研究论丛, 2006 ,(S1). [15]Thacker, Rebecca A., and Gerald R. Ferris. Understanding Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: The Influence of Power and Politics within the Dyadic Interaction of Harasser and Target[J]. Human Resource Management Review, 1991,1(1). [16]Schuman, Rebecca. Hands off Your Grad Students! [EB/OL].http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/07/professors_and_ advisers_having_sexual_relationships_with_grad_students_hurts.html. [17]Huerta, Marisela, et al.. Sex and Power in the Academy: Modeling Sexual Harassment in the Lives of College Women[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2006,32(5). [18]Offermann, Lynn R., and Adam B. Malamut. When Leaders Harass: The Impact of Target Perceptions of Organizational Leadership and Climate on Harassment Reporting and Outcomes[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2002,87 (5). [19][美]凯瑟琳·A.麦金农著,曲广娣译. 迈向女性主义的国家理论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2007. [20]Gutek, B. A., & Morasch, B.. Sex-Ratios, Sex-Role Spillover, and Sexual Harassment of Women at Work[J]. Journal of Social Issues, 1982,38(4). [21]刘云杉,王志明.女性进入精英集体:有限的进步[J].高等教育研究,2008(2). [22]陈志霞,徐荣华.矛盾性别偏见与工作场所性骚扰态度的相关研究[J].妇女研究论丛,2013,(4).