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2014 Vol.0 Issue.6
Published 2014-12-10
CONTENTS
5
Pathways for Realizing Gender Justice from a Space and Time Perspective
QIAN Qiu-yue
Western feminists began to pay attention to gender justice since the 1970s after the publication of John Rawls' A Theory of Justice. It is also during the second wave of feminism. However, today, there is no unified understanding of gender justice among different feminist schools, who have different understanding of justice and views of just goals. In order to develop deeper understanding of gender justice, this paper examines the pathways of realizing justice from a time and space perspective. Such an exercise is also important for the historical development of western feminism movements.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 5-9 [
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Rural Women's "Selective Rationality" in Their Preference for Sons
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YANG Fan
Using the data of family and fertility survey conducted by the Population and Development Research Centre at Renmin University of China in Zhejiang, Hubei and Hebei in 2010, this paper explains the reasons from a theoretical perspective of "Selective Rationality" why rural women's preference for sons hasn't been weakened by the disappearing economic advantages of boys. The findings indicate that the selective rationality influences rural women's choice of preference in reproduction. In other words, the son preference has been weakened by the social and economic development. But in terms of internalized standards, the son preference hasn't been much affected. Since the final decision of giving birth to a boy or a girl is often a compromise between a personal desire and the internalized standards. That is the reason why the preference for sons hasn't been changed much in a short time period.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 10-15 [
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Gender Differences in Psychological Anomia among Unmarried Rural Migrant Workers in the Context of Gender Imbalance
LI Wei-dong ,LI Shu-zhuo , QUAN Xiao-juan
Using data from 2009 rural migrant workers survey, this paper investigates gender differences in anomia among China's unmarried rural migrant workers. The results show that there are more male unmarried rural migrant workers who have a higher percentage of psychological anomia than female rural migrant workers. Marriage squeeze and social-economic status have significant effects on the psychological state of mind. The unmarried male rural migrant workers are more vulnerable to structural marriage squeeze, while the unmarried female rural migrant workers are also affected by non-structural marriage squeeze factors. This paper examines gender differences in psychological well-being among the unmarried rural migrant workers in the context of sex ratio imbalance in addition to the social roles that has been used in the existing research.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 16-27 [
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Changing Trends in Gender Outlook in China from 1990 to 2010
YANG Ju-hua , LI Hong-juan , ZHU Ge
Drawing on the 1990, 2000 and 2010 National Survey on the Status of Chinese Women this paper examines the current state, trends in changes of gender outlook among Chinese in the past 20 years. It has been found that attitudes among Chinese tend to be in general more modern favouring equal, whereas people differ in attitudes on divisions of labor and cultural issues. Traditional gender outlook that places the man as the provider and the woman as the mother and nurturer has regained support today more than 10 years ago. However, norms that children can only take their father's names and that married daughter cannot inherit property of her maternal family have largely been discarded. Overall, urban women have the highest modern gender outlook. In all, higher education, better jobs and higher social status are associated with more equal gender views, although higher economic development and income do not necessarily bring about a more equal gender outlook in general.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 28-36 [
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From Sex as Duty to Consensual Sex: Why Forced Sex in Marriage Should Be a Crime in China
WANG Xin-yu
Since entering into the 21st century, marital rape has been a topic in academic discussions, and debates without results. The paper holds that marital rape is a crime, because according to modern marriage law, either the husband or the wife is an independent individual and they have respective legal sexual freedom on the basis of their free will. Sex in marriage should be consensual and based on the free will of the two parties, rather than the wife's unilateral obligation. Husbands forcing sex on their wives against their wills is a crime in accordance with relevant provisions of the criminal law of China. But, marital rape has its particularity, and reports by the marital parties should be enough for legal intervention as well as the basis for the parties involved to decide the continuity of their marriage. Marriage certificates should not shelter rape from criminal charges.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 37-43 [
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Structure for Common Offenses of Sexual Harassment Academe: Academic Authority, Organizational Environment and Gender-based Discrimination: Chinese Examples
LI Jun
This paper identifies the characteristics of sexual harassment in academe and structural factors contributing to its rise and continuity based on individual cases in Mainland China. It argues that both parties in sexual harassment in academe are in a power relationship that is different from that in other workplace. Students, especially graduate students rely on their professors' evaluation not only in their studies, living, income, but also future career. Professors may use their power tactically taking advantage of their superior experience in society and sex and their inexperienced students who find it difficult to resist and report. In academia, academic authority is too concentrated in the organizational environment. There lack rules to regulate professor and students relationships. The existence of gender-based discrimination in academic institutions is the root cause of sexual harassment that is overlooked, rationalized, tolerated and exempted from punishment.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 44-55 [
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What is Sexual Harassment? Conceptual Confusion and Paradigmatic Debates: The Controversy between "Sexual Autonomy Educators" and "Feminists" around the Teachers' Day in 2014
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SONG Shao-peng
On the Teachers' Day in 2014, Chinese feminists issued a jointly signed letter to urge the authorities of education to establish a preventive and settlement mechanism for stopping sexual harassment and sexual assault. In response, some scholars and students who emphasize sex education to improve individual sexual autonomy issued their jointly signed letter to criticize and challenge the former letter. This paper aims to answer the questions raised by educators for sexual autonomy and points out that the controversy between feminists and sexual autonomy educators represents paradigmatic debate about the essence of sexual harassment. The paper discusses such relevant thinking on stopping sexual harassment as equality theory, autonomy theory and dignity theory and assesses each of their potential and limitations in practice.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 56-65 [
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Mechanisms to Prevent and Stop Sexual Harassment to be Established in Universities
ZHANG Yong-ying
The public has been alarmed by incidents of sexual harassment in universities in recent years. Universities should adopt mechanisms to prevent and stop sexual harassment on their campuses in order to create civil, harmonious, equitable and friendly learning environment. This paper examines relevant Chinese legislation as well as rules in reference to policies adopted by universities in countries and regions outside China and proposes principles to govern the mechanisms to prevent and stop sexual harassment to be established by Chinese universities. It suggests the need to improve Chinese legislation against sexual harassment on campuses, demanding universities to actively adopt strategies to prevent and stop sexual harassment.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 66-71 [
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Feminine Consciousness in the Woman Dominated Politics of Northern Song Dynasty: Based on the Study of Empress
LIU Guang-feng
Research on feminine consciousness in traditional China is mostly based on analysis of Chinese traditional literary works. But actually, strong feminine consciousness could also be found in real political practice of many female figures in traditional China. Lady Liu, the Empress of Song Renzong in Northern Song, was a famous female master in Song Dynasty, who held the supreme power at the beginning of Renzong's reign more than 11 years. In this period, she demonstrated that she was as capable as an emperor, through naming the title of reign, raising her ritual standards and issuing decrees. She attended ritual ceremonies in order to deepen the political sense of the so-called Two Saints, her and the emperor, together ruling the country. She argued for the husband and wife to be a whole with one complementing the other. She even wanted to extend the co-ruling of empress and emperor to her future generations. Though her attempts failed, they still reflected that she was representative of female political figures with strong feminine consciousness of equal abilities between the sexes in traditional China.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 72-78 [
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From Boudoir Poetry to Prose: On the Changes of Female Writing Since Qiu Jin
LIN Dan-ya
It meant historic changes of Chinese female writing when it was transformed from Boudoir Poetry to political prose. Investigation and analysis of Qiu Jin's writing, and the historic conditions for such changes help us understand more thoroughly and intuitively the sexual and political relationships between gender and styles, as well as the importance of these changes of later Chinese female writing and the Chinese literature as a whole.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 79-86 [
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True Womanhood and Protestant Missionary Women's Professional Positioning in China
ZHU Hua
The cult of "True Womanhood" was an ideology of women's identity in Victorian America with four parameters——piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity, by which women were discursively excluded from the public sphere. However, encouraged by the church, many educated protestant women managed to infiltrate into the semi-public sphere of foreign mission, breaking through the gendered divide. When the missionary women adapted to a Chinese context, they strategically changed the weight of all the parameters of the "True Womanhood" and reshaped their professional positions, which in turn helped them achieve their social value while the old male-female functional structure within the missionary field was maintained.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 87-92 [
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Women and Mobility: American Women's Narratives of Modernity
LIU Ying
Mobility is the hallmark of modernity. However, studies of modernity are often centered on men's mobility, overlooking women's engagement with and experience of forms of mobility as depicted by American women novelists during the period when mobility was increased by modern transportation and urbanization. This paper examines women's experience with mobility so as to identify different experiences women and men have with modernity and challenge male centered perspective of modernity. American women writers sought to present multiple and polycentric modernities and participated in a dialogue about the nature of modernity. This paper hopes to trace the complexities of women's location in modernity and to contribute to the scholarly engagement with the gendering of modernity in this period.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 93-108 [
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An Empirical Study of the Effects of Women's Preferred Choices on Their Participation in Policy-making in China
ZHENG Jian-jun
The present study aims to examine the effects of women's preferred choices on their participation in policy-making based on a questionnaire survey of 3152 Chinese women on their behavior in and attitude towards participation in policy-making. After controlling the relevant background variables, the findings show that:(1) In the actual behavior in participation in policy-making, Chinese women are influenced by their preferred dependence on policy and information about the policy.(2)In their attitudes toward participation in policy-making, their satisfaction with participation in policy-making is influenced by their preferred acceptance of policy implementation and the direction in which they prefer to recommend the development of a policy. Meanwhile, the direction preferred in their policy recommendations has significant effect on their desire to participate in policy-making.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 101-115 [
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A Gender Perspective of Natural Disaster: Past and Future
YU Sheng-jie ,ZHANG Chun-gang ,QI Gu-bo
Gender-based relationships that are developed in a historical and cultural context, on the one hand, influence men as well as women's experience with disasters. On the other hand, their experiences with disasters, especially the experiences with the disaster recovery and reconstruction process in turn reconstruct their relationships. This paper constructs the historical development of research on natural disaster from a gender perspective based on a review of the literature since the 1970s. While dwelling briefly on the existence of gendered vulnerability theory, it identifies main issues in discussion, namely, gendered differences in mortality rate and in access to relief resources, including healthcare, and violence against women. Finally, the paper looks ahead into the future to suggest research on increasing risks of disasters because of climate change and rapid urbanization from a cross-cultural and gender perspective.
2014 Vol. 0 (6): 109-100 [
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2014 Vol. 0 (6): 116-119 [
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2014 Vol. 0 (6): 120-123 [
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2014 Vol. 0 (6): 124-125 [
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