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	2018 Vol.0 Issue.4 Published 2018-07-25

	5	Gender Equality Indexes by International Organizations and Their Implications for China

		This paper reviews seven indexes adopted by international organizations to measure gender( in) equality， including Gender Development Index，Gender Empowerment Measure，Gender Inequality Index，Global Gender Gap Index，Social Institution and Gender Index， Gender Parity Index and Gender Equality Index based on a comparison of their contexts， constituents，methods and advantages and disadvantages． It has found that these indexes share similarities in aims and value orientation，but they also differ in measurements and methodology． It finally suggests ways to create indexes to comprehensively measure gender equality in China in the future．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 5- [Abstract] ( 550 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 584KB] ( 1615 )

	19	Where does the Time Go? Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life Course in China

		Based on the survey data of China Family Panel Study in 2010， this paper explores the gender differences in time use over the life course in China． The main findings are: ( 1) in general men spend more time in work and leisure while women spend more time in housework and physiological activity but the difference is rather small when people are single and increase substantially with marriage and childbearing; ( 2) marriage especially childbearing have significant impact on women's time use but the influence on men is negligible． The study points out that the rapid pace of modernization in China is not enough to eliminate the gender differences in time use． The strike of marriage and childbearing on women， if expected， can have significant influence on women's marriage and reproduction behavior．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 19- [Abstract] ( 628 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 654KB] ( 1298 )

	33	Are Women More Vulnerable to Poverty? Based on the CHNS Rural Data of 9 Provinces in 2009 and 2011

		Are women more vulnerable to poverty? We use China Health and Nutrition Survey( CHNS) data to subdivide the femaleheaded households into de jure and de facto female-headed households and analyse the relationships between assets， risk， vulnerability and different types of households． It is found that， compared with the male-headed households， the female-head households have relatively fewer assets． They are more vulnerable to risks such as health risks． And in the long run，women choose to increase the risk of poverty， such as less medical spending in the face of risk attacks． The empirical results also reveal that de jure female-headed households are more vulnerable than de facto female-headed households． We believe that the poverty vulnerability of female-headed households should be given priority． Based on gender differences especially women and female-headed households as targets in poverty reduction policy is of great significance for targeted poverty alleviation and the elimination of gender inequality．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 33- [Abstract] ( 605 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 1025 )

	44	Construction of Presumptive Norms of Joint Debts for Couples in the Compilation of Civil Code

		The core value of Chinese cultural tradition lies in the“family，”although in middle of rising individualism， the social functions of families are greatly reduced． However，marriages and families are still units that have strong ethical and emotional characteristics． Individualism and familism are still two needed propositions in modern China． Balancing these two propositions， the Chinese marriage law should adopt both“presumption theory”and“purpose theory”to construct reasonable presumptive norms on joint debts for couples． At the same time， it should incorporate a design of normative language that takes into account the objective burden of proof， easing judges'tasks in allocating the risks when evidence is indecisive．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 44- [Abstract] ( 475 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 889 )

	55	*Rules of Joint Debt and Repayment in Civil Code* of China**

		The Chinese rules on the joint debts of a couple are simple confusing， especially the Article 24 of the Second Judicial Interpretations of the Marriage Law in 2004，which stimulated debates in both jurisprudence and legal professions． In January 2018 the adoption of the Explanations of Debts of Couples has further clarified the standards to establish a couple's joint debts and allocate responsibilities for evidence． At one level， this adoption has responded to the debates and resolved issues related to the joint debts of a couple， though there is still room for debate on certain particular articles． Developing a unified Civil Code in China offers an ideal opportunity to construct rules on couples' joint debts． In essence， the shared debts of the husband and the wife should be joint debts and not debts through relationships， and thus the husband and the wife are one unit to together share the debt responsibilities based on the set criteria and settlement rules． These rules can include the identification of a debt together or by one party at a time with the consent of the other party， who subsequently verifies． Because debts are accumulated，when the couple lives together， either by way of the couple jointly working in a business， or through one party engaging in production and bringing home profit and income that is shared with the other party， the responsibilities for the debts should be shared and managed by the couple together． In case of unsettlement of joint debts or assets owned separately， the two parties should pay off debts based on an agreement． When the couple cannot agree between themselves， the People's Court can make a ruling for the couple to share the debt responsibilities． If one party has paid more than its share or what the court has decided， it can demand compensation from the other party．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 55- [Abstract] ( 498 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 404KB] ( 1112 )

	67	Goffman On Gender Advertisements: Based on the Perspectives of Ritual and Frame Analysis

		Erving Goffman's study of gender relationships was often ignored by western scholars． Gender Advertisements is Goffman's representative work on gender research，which has two characteristics: firstly， to indicate subtle gender differences in lives through revealing details on daily activities， and secondly， to make best use of visual factors． Basically，Goffman uses ritual and frameworks to analyze gender advertisements， especially from the perspective of ritual to discuss gender displays at the level of behaviour． Goffman decodes gender based representations in commercial advertising in six dimensions: relative size， the feminine touch， functional ranking， the family， the ritualization of subordination and licensed withdrawal． To Goffman， gender inequality is the product of frame assumptions，meanwhile keying， fabrication， transformation， and hyper-ritualization make the gender display in commercial advertising not entirely the mirroring of reality． In sum， through the discussion of the naturalized gender relationships and the reproductive model of gender differences，Goffman reveal the micro-operational mechanism of patriarchy．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 67- [Abstract] ( 1124 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 311KB] ( 2157 )

	76	*Writings about Jewish Women during the Holocaust: The Shawl'* s Construction of a Female Discourse**

		After Auschwitz， Jewish Holocaust writing faces not only representation dilemma，but also has gender bias． Jewish men usually govern Holocaust discourse，while women are marginalized． As a result，The Shawl，written by American Jewish writer Cynthia Ozick， focuses on Jewish mother's life in Holocaust，and combines narrative strategies of historiographic meta-fiction and female writing． The theme and strategies not only construct and reinforce Jewish women's gender and historical discourse，but also express the hope of two genders to communicate and share history equally．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 76- [Abstract] ( 610 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 302KB] ( 2180 )

	84	Broadening the Scope of Research: Summaries of Doctoral Dissertations in Women's Literature and Gender Studies， 2006－2016

		From 2006 to 2016，progress was made in doctoral dissertations that were focused on women's literature and gender studies in Chinese language and literature studies． While there was an increase in the scope of research with respect to different historical periods of time and multiple literary styles， this increase saw a deepening growth of academic thinking and gender becoming a central consideration． Theoretical orientations and literary critics have also been realigned from a gender perspective． Intersecting relationships among literature， human history and traditional cultures have gained recognition as an important interdisciplinary viewpoint and innovations． Since the 1980s a growing attention has been extended to gender analysis of literature and cultural phenomenon as well as cross-cultural approaches to literature and gender relationships．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 84- [Abstract] ( 478 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 397KB] ( 1512 )

	96	Economics through the Gender Lens: An Analysis of M． A． 's and PhD's Theses in Economics between 2006 and 2015

		This paper assesses the development of feminist economics in China through a review of M． A． and doctoral theses in the last ten years． It finds that feminist economics in China in recent years has grown not only in numbers but also in quality of research． The scope of research has expanded． The contents，however， are still limited to labour participation and there is a shortage of studies of decision making processes outside labour participation to inform theory． There is a sex-based imbalance among researchers． There is a need for efforts to expand traditional economics from a gender perspective．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 96- [Abstract] ( 575 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 1668 )

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		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 109- [Abstract] ( 474 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 112KB] ( 1091 )

	112	All the Mountains and Rivers Bear Old Sorrows，Who Can Ask the Heavens about the Fallen Dynasty?#br# Gender-Related Writing and Self-Presentation during the Ming-Qing Transition: A Review of Women and National Trauma in Late Imperial Chinese Literature

		The Ming-Qing transition is a short yet special period in the history of classical Chinese literature． The diversity of literary works produced during this period and the variety and complexity of the literary devices employed in them have not been fully investigated． Li Wai-yee's Women and National Trauma in Late Imperial Chinese Literature is one of the recent significant works in this field． In her study，Li Wai-yee explores gender-related writing strategies and self-representation in the textual records of the political and social upheaval during the Ming-Qing transition． Her study provides an important example of North American scholars' fresh concerns in the field of Chinese studies． This book review analyzes the approaches，perspectives，achievements，and problems of her study and attempts to demonstrate her academic strengths in various aspects，such as critical theory and research methodologies．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 112- [Abstract] ( 514 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 357KB] ( 1154 )

	122	History Leaves no Voice but Wounds: Ellen Widmer's The Beauty and the Book: Women and Fictions in Nineteenth Century China

		The Beauty and the Book: Women and Fictions in Nineteenth Century China， is an outstanding piece that utilizes the technique of imagining history through， for the first time，an attempt to find women in a history of fictions and the role of fictions in writing a women's history based on a comprehensive review of the relationship between fictions and women in ancient times． However，due to a misuse of this above technique some imaginations could not be materialized． This incomplete state of The Beauty and the Book: Women and Fictions in Nineteenth Century China，has left an open space for us to grow our research in this area．
		2018 Vol. 0 (4): 122- [Abstract] ( 574 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 276KB] ( 816 )

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