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2016 Vol.0 Issue.6
Published 2016-11-25
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"Yan'An Experiences": From "Feminism" to "United Family Front": Rise of a Theory of Women's Liberation in "Revolutionary China"
The experience of women's movement in the base areas of the Communist forces centred on Yan'An during the war againstJapanese invaders is worth considering as a model of women's liberation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. This paperconducts literature review and content analysis to identify numerous marriage issues at the time arising from the power struggles amongdifferent social groups that were from a rural origin and pursued party politics. While these groups participated in resolving marriageconflicts, they experimented with different ways for women to seek liberation. Ultimately, they arrived at the principle of "harmonyand struggle" in a "united family front" to guide women's liberation, treating women not as isolated individuals so as to overcome thelimitations of treating women as being one-sided. Through women's participation in production, women and men negotiated to balancedifferent interests of forces in and outside of households and to reconstruct more equitable family structures. Thus, the resolution ofmarriage issues during the Yan'An era demonstrates that class-based revolution offered a probable pathway, in both theory and practice,for the liberation of women,especially women at the bottom of society, in Revolutionary China.
2016 Vol. 0 (6): 19- [
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Reconstituting Gender Consciousness in Villages: Based on Mobile Film Screening in Shaanxi Rural Areas in the 1950s
guo yan ping
Department of Cultural and Religious Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China)rural film screening; gender consciousness; gender equality; female projectionists; modernity Thanks to the promulgation of the Marriage Law and the advancement of collectivized agriculture, the existing traditional gender views in rural China were greatly challenged by the promotion of new images of working women led by the state. Films, which were regarded at the time as a modern propaganda tool, played an important role in constructing and spreading the ideas of socialist gender equality. In this paper, replying on oral histories, historical documents and film textual analysis, I examine various practices within the multi-media screening space and see how cinematic experiences may or may not have acted upon the transformation of gender consciousness. In actuality, even though the mainstream construction of gender equality emphasized a gender neutral approach based on the idea of "equality between women and men," this approach was in effect gendered. That is because its gendered nature was reflected through the techniques applied in propaganda and the neglect of the different experiences between female projectionists and those of their male counterparts.
2016 Vol. 0 (6): 28- [
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ZHOU Pei-qin
Fear of assaults and taking measures to avoid victimization has been a common daily experience of modern life. Due to the concerns about sexual assault, women have usually shown a higher level of fear. Through in-depth interviews, this study reveals that women's fear in a newly built low-density campus is prevalent and clearly has both temporal and spatial dimensions. College women students who have to work out their strategies to deal with their fear, are often experiencing constraint in their personal development, which poses a barrier to achieving gender equality in higher education. In the end, the study argues that to address this issue requires ways to appropriately diversify and multiply the usages of the campus and a holistic solution based on a more innovative sociological analysis.
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XU Qi
Based on the third National Survey on the Status of Chinese Women in 2010 this paper examines the impacts of migration on the gender-role attitude of rural migrants. The findings show that rural-to-urban migration significantly affected rural migrants' traditional attitudes towards continuity of family name and gender-based labor division, but there was little impact on the core beliefs of the patriarchal family system, namely the attitudes towards inheritance of family property. In addition, the impact of migration on the attitudes owards continuity of family name and the attitudes towards gender-based labor division is more significant for women than for men. To summarize, the weakening effect of rural-to-urban migration on migrants' traditional gender-role attitude is gradual and is becoming
more widespread. As men benefit more from the traditional gender roles, they have more difficulties in changing their attitudes than women.
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Rethinking the Presumption Rule of Married Couple's Joint Debts in China
DAN Shu-hua
The presumption rule of married couple's joint debts is Article 24 of Judicial Interpretation II of the Marriage Law. This rule imposes too much non-debtor's burden of proof while it ignores the security of marriage. It overemphasizes the importance of unity of matrimonial property while it ignores the limitation of externalizing marital daily housework. It also overemphasizes formal justice, while it ignores equity as an outcome. Moreover, there are deviations in understanding and applying the rule. To apply the rule correctly, one should pay attention to its status as a presumption rule, non-debtor's opportunities to object should be assured, and standards of proof should be reduced properly. In the long run, the presumption rule of married couple's joint debts should be revised: a debt held by one party of a couple in his or her own name during marriage should be presumed to be their joint debt, unless there are contrary evidence.
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A Review of the Cognizance Rules on Married Couple's Joint Debts from the Perspective of Feminist Jurisprudence
LI Qiong-yu
There are significant gender differences in the process of formation of married couple's debts, to wit: men usually take the role of borrowers, while women usually are absent from the borrowing. To construct reasonable rules to recognize married couple's joint debts, law makers should take full account of gender differences. From the perspective of a Feminist Jurisprudence including gender analysis, separation theory, the existing presumption rules overlook the above gender differences, and make women shoulder the duty of unpaid care under the male-dominated legal rules. It is therefore important to distinguish marital relationships from "peaceful" to "contested" states. In the "peaceful" state of marriage, emphasis should be the interests of creditors, but in the "contested" state, emphasis should be particularly the interests of female non-borrowing party.
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From Radical Opposition to Rational Reflection: Gender Politics in American Feminist Fairytale Revisions
HUI Chun-ping
Under the influence of postmodernist subversion of grand narratives, feminist writers have embarked on the critical re-reading and innovative rewriting of classic fairy tales. On the one hand, the conservative ideology embedded in classic fairy tales has given eason for criticism and rewriting, and on the other hand, the rival tradition of heretical stories has offered inexhaustible inspiration and motivation for revisions. Not only have these revisions disrupted and deconstructed the patriarchal discourse and gender politics behind the classic fairy tales, but they have also rewritten and reconstructed the narrative tradition of fairy tales through a dynamic dialogue with heretical stories. In terms of gender politics, feminist fairytale revisions have undergone a shift from earlier radical opposition to patriarchal discourse to contemporary rational reflection of their situations. This shift in emphasis not only reflects the changes in the social and cultural contexts, but also reveals the feminist writers' renewed perception and knowledge of gender politics.
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Application of Masculinity in Western Studies of Ming-Qing:Centred on a Shift in Methodology
XUE Ying-jie
Under the influence of Gender Studies and Women's Studies in the West, western studies of Imperial China during the Ming-Qing dynasties have adopted masculinity as an important perspective in two stages. During the first stage from the late 1980s to 2001, the perspective of masculinity in western studies of Ming-Qing Imperial China took an anti-essentialist stand in analyzing the ambivalent relationships between certain male groups and conventional masculinity so as to challenge the essentialist understanding that gender was determined by sex. Since 2002 western studies of Ming-Qing Imperial China have adopted a view against homogeneity of masculinities, and attempted to confirm the plurality of Ming-Qing masculinities and to illuminate the strategies that existed to maintain patriarchal power. A main problem with applying masculinity in western studies of Ming-Qing lies in its neglect of gender-based power relationships. This paper argues that, in order to effectively question the legitimacy of patriarchal system, western studies of Ming-Qing Imperial China from a perspective of masculinity should examine gender-based power relationships and expose aspects of these relationships including men's access to women, female subjectivity and men's homosocial desire.
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The Ambivalent Mother-Daughter Relationship in Anglophone-Caribbean Women's Writings
ZHANG Xue-feng
The legacy of European colonialism, slavery as well as the patriarchy not only expands the cultural tropes of the mother figure in Caribbean literature, but also fertilizes Caribbean female discourse. This article traces the mother-daughter relationship in Anglophone-Caribbean women's writings and highlights the love and hatred, dependence and splitting between the mother and the daughter, on the one hand, to uncover the hidden subtexts giving birth to Caribbean maternal discourse and foreground the importance of the figure of mother in Caribbean society, and on the other hand, to mirror the historical memory and living situation
of Caribbean women by analyzing the cultural connotations of the mother figure.
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Impact of Family Caregiving on Women's Labor Force Participation Since 2000
Lü Li-dan
Women's labor force participation has great implications for themselves, their families and the entire society. Along with economic reforms and population structural changes in recent decades, demand for family caregiving has drastically increased, aggravating the family and work balance for women. This paper reviews the related literature at home and abroad in order to gain an understanding of the impacts of women's family caregiving on their labor force participation. It finds that both elder care and childcare affect women's labor force participation, and that women would have higher labor force participation when their parents take care of their children. Caring for grandchildren may also have influence on grandparents' decision on retirement, a topic that has not attracted enough attention among researchers. A gender perspective as well as a life cycle theory should be encouraged in future research, especially in the analysis of the impact of long-term family-based care on the welfare of women caregivers and the pros and cons of marketization of care.
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A Review of Literature on Women Entrepreneurial Finance
WU Juan，LI Yao-kuang YAO,Xiao-fang
While women entrepreneurs are making increasingly significant contributions to economic and social development, financing is still a key problem. This paper reviews literature to examine the financial state of women entrepreneurs based on three aspects: financial strategies, financial factors and financial outcomes. Finally it proposes future focuses for further research.
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