Abstract:Using data from the three National Surveys on the Status of Chinese Women in 1990, 2000 and 2010, this paper has found that time spent on study has overall reduced over the past 20 years among both male and female Chinese individuals. Each survey has shown that female's study time was much shorter than that of male's although such gap has been narrowed greatly over time. The gender gap in study time is a result of several objective factors(e.g., marital status and total labor time) and subjective factors(such as gender norms). Marriage reduces learning time, and married women have the shortest study time. Similarly, the longer the total labor time(including housework) is, the shorter the learning time will be. However, both marital status and total working hours have a larger effect on female than on male. Also, respondents with more equitable gender outlook tend to study more, though males still have slight more time for study than females. Findings also illustrate that objective factors are more important with regard to study time than gender norms. Hence, it is necessary to reduce female's double-burden of work and family in order for them to have more time to study, improving their capabilities and social participation and life-long self development.
杨菊华, 张娇娇, 吴敏. 主动选择还是被动接受——1990-2010年国民学习时间的性别差异研究[J]. 妇女研究论丛, 2015, 0(6): 24-32.
YANG Ju-hua, ZHANG Jiao-jiao, WU Min. Gender Differences in Study Time: China 1990-2010. , 2015, 0(6): 24-32.
[1] 杨菊华,吴敏,张娇娇.谁动了女性的学习时间?——1990-2010年国民学习时间的变动趋势与特点分析[J].中华女子学院学报,2014,(6). [2] 杨菊华.时间利用的性别差异——1990-2010年的变动趋势与特点分析[J].人口与经济,2014,(5). [3] Anxo, D., Flood, L. and Y. Kocoglu. Offre de travail et répartition des activités domestiques et parentalesau sein du couple: Une comparaison entre la France et la Suède[J]. Economie et Statistique , 2002,(2). Cited in Löfmark Monika Hjeds. Gender and Time Allocation Differences in Taganrog, Russia[J/OL]. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research , 2007,4(1). [4] Gershuny, J.. Time, Through the Lifecourse, in the Family[Z]. Working Papers of Institute for Social and Economic Research,2003, No. 3. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470999004.ch10/summary. [5] Löfmark Monika Hjeds. Gender and Time Allocation Differences in Taganrog, Russia[J/OL]. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Researc h, 2007,4(1). [6] Drake Bruce. Another Gender Gap: Men Spend More Time in Leisure Activities[EB/OL].Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/10/another-gender-gap-men-spend-more-time-in-leisure-activities/. [7] McGinnity Frances and Helen Russell. Gender Inequalities in Time Use: The Distribution of Caring, Housework and Employment among Women and Men in Ireland[EB/OL]. 2008, https: //www.esri.ie/publications/search_for_a_publication/search_results/view/index.xml?id=2576. [8] Offer, Shira & Barbara Schneider. Revisiting the Gender Gap in Time-Use Patterns: Multitasking and Well-Being among Mothers and Fathers in Dual-Earner Families[J]. American Sociological Review , 2011,76(6). [9] Wang Wendy, Liana C. Sayer, Marybeth Mattingly. Gender Differences in Perceptions and Meanings of Time Use and Health Outcomes[J/OL].Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Boston, MA. http://paa2014.princeton.edu/abstracts/142687. [10] Apps Patricia, Rqy Rees. Gender, Time Use, and Public Policy over the Life Cycle[J]. Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 2005,21(3). [11] Anxo Dominique, Letizia Mencarini , Ariane Pailh, Anne Solaz, Maria Letizia Tanturri, Lennart Flood. Gender Differences in Time Use over the Life Course in France, Italy, Sweden, and the U.S.[J]. Feminist Economics , 2011,17(3). [12] 马桂花.我国女性阅读现状分析及应对策略——以首份我国女性阅读数据为例[J].青海社会科学, 2014,(5). [13] 张守荣.基于教师网络学习者学习时间管理现状的调查与思考[J].河北大学成人教育学院学报,2010,(1). [14] Chang Hongqin, Fiona MacPhail, and Xiaoyuan Dong. The Feminization of Labor and the Time-Use Gender Gap in Rural China[J]. Feminist Economics , 2011,17(4).