Abstract：During the process of democratic transition in Southeast Asia, three women became the presidents of their countries. These women presidents faced gender based criticisms, as well as accusations that they were lack of political experience and abilities and not tough enough to carry out national policies, and that they tolerated and encouraged corruption and domineering conduct of their families members, and ignored advancing women's rights. Such hostility might have made their work more difficult and controversial. From the viewpoint of gender, androcentrism of a patriarchal society, the sex division of labour stressing the differences between man and woman, and gender based juxtaposing stereotypes all have deeply influenced the evaluation and perception of male and female presidents, resulting in gender stereotypes and double standards. Female presidents have to confront more criticisms as people judge them by president's standards, on the one hand, and on the other, by female's standards.
范若兰,陈妍. 掌权之后：东南亚女总统与民主转型的性别分析*[J]. 妇女研究论丛, 2012, 0(1): 79-85.
FAN Ruo-lan, CHEN Yan. Once in Power: A Gender Analysis of the Female Presidents and Democratic Transition in Southeast Asia. , 2012, 0(1): 79-85.
[1]范若兰,陈妍.东南亚民主化浪潮中女领袖现象探析[Z].未刊稿. [2]Lewis Simons. Worth Dying For [M]. New York: Willian Morrow, 1987. [3]Margo Cohen.First Choice[J]. Far Eastern Economic Review. 1999-6-3. [4]360名女候选人争夺560议席[J]. 早报网，2009-03-17，http://www.zaobao.com/yx/yx090317_503.shtml. [5]温北炎,郑一省.后苏哈托时代的印度尼西亚[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2006. [6]雅加达回教强硬派抗议梅加瓦蒂任总统[N].[新]联合早报,2001-8-28. [7]Linda K. Richter. Exploring Theories of Female Leadership in South and Southeast Asia[J]. Pacific Affairs, 1990-1991, (63). [8]陈岳,吴秀慧.阿基诺夫人[M].北京:中国妇女出版社,1988. [9]陈岳,吴秀慧.菲律宾总统阿基诺夫人[J].现代国际关系,1987,(2). [10]孙小迎.亚洲水文化承载着的两位女总统[J].东南亚纵横,2002,(3). [11]Mark R. Thompson. Female Leadership of Democratic Transition in Asia[J]. Pacific Affairs, 2002-2003, (75). [12]World Press Review[J]. quoting South China Morning Post, January 1990. [13]葛怀宇. 梅加瓦蒂——千岛之国的名门女杰[M]. 南京：江苏人民出版社, 2003. [14]学者:苏哈多下台后 印尼缺强人政权 使恐怖组织滋生[N].[马]新明日报,2002-10-15. [15]印尼颁布两紧急政令 反恐慌任务由警方执行[N].[新]联合早报,2002-10-20. [16][美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著,刘军宁译.第三波——二十世纪末的民主化浪潮[M].上海:上海三联书店,1998. [17]Carolina G. Hernandez. The Philippines in 1987: Challenges of Redemocratization[J]. Asian Survey,1988, (28). [18]Seth Mydans. Family Vaults Women to Leadership in Asia[J]. Asia Pacific, February 7, 2010. [19]菲律宾土改屡遭大地主挫败，农民转股东分红失败[EB/OL].人民网,2010-3-16. http://news.sohu.com/20100316/n270845687.shtml. [20]阿罗约“认领”舞弊录音带声音，政治生涯完结？[EB/OL].光明网,2005-6-28. http://news.sohu.com/20050628/n226103667.shtml. [21]金羊网新闻. 2002-7-17. http://www.ycwb.com/gb/content/2002-07/17/content_391070.htm. [22]四男一女率五大组合肉搏[N].上海青年报,2004-7-6.http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2004-07-06/08373001128s.shtml [23]Myrna S. Feliciano. Law, Gender and the Family in the Philippines[J]. Law and Society Review, 1994, (28). [24]罗梅.浅论科拉松·阿基诺夫人[J].东南亚纵横,1994,(4). [25]Dorothy Friesen. The Women’s Movement in the Philippines[J]. National Women’s Studies Association Journal, 1989, (1). [26]Khofifah Indar Parawansa, Hambatan terhadap Partisipasi Politik Perempuan di Indonesia（印尼女性参政所面对的阻碍）[EB/OL]. Indonesia Hambatan. http://www.idea.int/publications/wip/upload/cs-indoensia.pdf. [27]Greta Ai-Yu Niu. Wives, Widows, and Workers: Corazon Aquino, Imelda Marcos, and the Filipina “Other”[J]. National Women's Studies Association, 1999, (11). [28][缅]翁山苏姬著,黄梅峰译.翁山苏姬：来自缅甸的声音[M].台北:时报文化出版企业股份有限公司,1996. [29]张锡镇.当代东南亚政治[M].桂林:广西人民出版社,1995. [30]余文锁.美加华蒂访美与九一一事件[N].[新]联合早报,2011-9-24. [31]李文主编.东亚：宪政与民主[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005. [32]余沧歌.美加华蒂八大败因[N].[新]联合早报,2004-9-23.
2012, Vol. 0 
