1.Michael E. Moritz College of Law at the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA; 2.School of Law at China University of Politics and Law, Beijing 100088, China
Abstract:In the last century, the big three feminisms-liberal feminism built on formal equality, and the same treatment theory; dominant feminism and its views on differences between women and men; and cultural feminism and its Motherhood theory, still affect legislation in the USA. The new three feminisms-partial agency or "sex-positive" feminism, intersectional feminism or anti-essentialist feminism, and social justice feminism are concerned in varying emphasis with the questions of the complexity and the uncertainty of identity. Among them, the social justice feminism resonates with women and the American public.
Martha Chamallas著,王新宇译. 以过往为序——新旧女性主义及其法律影响*[J]. 妇女研究论丛, 2014, 0(1): 78-87.
Martha Chamallas, Wang Xin-yu (trans.). Past as Prologue: Old and New Feminisms. , 2014, 0(1): 78-87.
[1]Martha Chamallas. Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory[M]. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2003. [2]Catharine A. Mackinnon. Feminism Unmodified: Discourtses on Life and Law[M]. Harvard University Press, 1988; Carol Gilligan. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development[M]. Harvard University Press, 1982. [3]Kimberle Crenshaw. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex. A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics[J]. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, Vol.139, 1989; Angela P. Harris. Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory[J]. Stanford Law Review, Vol.42, 1990. [4]Rosaind Dixon. Feminist Disagreement (Comparatively) Recast[J]. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, Vol.31, 2008. [5]Deborah L. Markowitz. In Pursuit of Equality: One Woman's Work to Change the Law[J]. Women's Rights Law Reporter, Vol.11, 1989. [6]Linda K. Kerber. Separate Spheres, Female Worls, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History[J]. The Journal of American History, Vol.75, 1988. [7]Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113[Z].1973. [8]Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., U.S. 618[Z]. 2007. [9]Impact of Ledbetter v. Goodyear on the Effective Enforcement of Civil Rights Laws: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties, of the H Comm. on the Judiciary, I110th Cong. 9[Z]. 2007. [10]Charles A. Sullivan. Raising the Dead: The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act[J]. Tulane Law Review, Vol.84 , 2010. [11]Leslie Bender. From Gender Difference to Feminist Solidarity: Using Carol Gilligan and an Ethic of Care in Law[J]. Vermont Law Review, Vol.1, 1990. [12]Mary Jo Frug. Progressive Feminist Legal Scholarship: Can We Claim "A Different Voice"?[J]. Harvard Women's Law Journal, Vol.15, 1992. [13]Rene Denfeld. The New Victorians: A Young Women’s Challenge To The Old Feminist Order[M]. Grand Central Publishing; First Edition, 1995. [14]Ann Scales. Legal Feminism: Activism, Layering & Legal Theory[M]. New York University Press, 2006. [15]Christine Littleton. Reconstructing Sexual Equality[J]. California Law Review, Vol.75, 1987 [16]Linda J. Krieger & Patricia N. Cooney. The Miller-Wohi Controversy: Equal Treatment, Positive Action and the Meaning of Women's Equality[J]. Golden Gate University Law Review, Vol.13, 1983. [17]Joan C. Williams & Stephanie Bornstein. The Evolution of "FRED" Family Responsibilities Discrimination and Developments in the Law of Stereotyping and Implicit Bias[J]. Hastings Law Journal, Vol.59, 2008. [18]EyaI Press. Family-Leave Values[N]. New York Times, July 29, 2007. [19]U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Enforcement Guidance: Unlawful Disparate Treatment of Workers with Caregiving Responsibilities[Z]. May 23, 2007. [20]Ann Bartow. Open Access, Law, Knowledge, Copyrights, Dominance and Subordination[J]. Lewis & Clark Law Review, Vol.10, 2006. [21]Emine Saner. I Felt Completely Violated[J]. The Guardian, February 25, 2009. [22]Cheryl Hanna. No Right to Choose: Mandated Victim Participation in Domestic Violence Prosecutions[J]. Harvard Law Review, Vol.8, 1996. [23]Katherine M. Franke. Theorizing Yes: An Essay on Feminism, Law, and Desire[J]. Columbia Law Review, Vol.101, 2001; Kathryn Abrams. Sex Wan Redux: Agenty and Coercion in Feminist Legal Theory[J]. Columbia Law Review, Vol.95, 1995. [24]Deborah W. Denno. Sexuality, Rape, and Mental Retardation[J]. University of Illinois Law Review, 1997. [25]Michelle J. Anderson. Negotiating Sex[J]. Southern California Law Review, Vol.78, 2005. [26]Crenshaw, supra note 5. [27]Regina Austin. Sapphire Bound![J]. Wisconsin Law Review, 1989. [28]Kristin Kalsemn & Verna L. Williams. Social Justice Feminism 1[JB/OL] .(University of Cincinnati College of Law Publishment, Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series No. 08-14, 2008), also see http://ssrn.com/abstract= 1112105. [29]Leti Volpp. Feminism Versus Multiculturalism[J]. Columbia Law Review, Vol.101, 2001. [30]Adrien Katherine Wing & Monica Nigh Smith. Critical Race Feminism Lifts the Veil? Muslim Women, France, and the Headscarf Ban[J]. University of California, Davis Law Review, Vol.39, 2006. [31]Madhavi Sunder. Piercing the Veil[J]. Yale Law Journal, Vol.112, 2003. [32]Anne Bloom. To Be Real: Sexual Identity Politics in Tort Litigation[J]. North Carolina Law Review, Vol.88, 2010. [33]Devon W. Carbado & Mitu Gulati. The Fifth Black Woman[J]. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol.I11, 2001; Devon W. Carbado & Mitu Gulati. Working Identity[J]. Cornell Law Review, Vol.85, 2000. [34]Kenji Yoshino. Covering[J]. Yale Law Journal, Vol.I111, 2002. [35]H. R 3017, 111th Cong[Z]. 2009. [36]Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins. 490 U.S. 228[Z]. 1989. [37]Nichols v. Azteca Rest. Enters., Inc., 256 F.3d 864, 874 (9th Cir. 2001)[Z]. [38]Rene v. MGM Grand Hotel Inc., 305 F.3d 1061. 1069 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc)[Z]. [39]Smith v. City of Salem, 378 F.3d 566 (6th Cir. 2004)[Z].; see also Schroer v. Billingron, 577 F. Supp. 2d 293, 2008. [40]Etsitty v. Utah Transit Auth., 502 F.3d 1215 (10th Cir. 2007)[Z].; Vickers v. Fairfield Med. Ctr., 453 F.3d 757 (6th Cir. 2006)[Z]. [41]H.R. 3685,110th Cong[Z]. 2007. [42]Devon Carbado et al.. The Story of Jesperson v. Harrah's: Makeup and Women at Work[A]. in Joel Friedman ed., Employment Discrmination Law Stories 118[Z]. 2006. [43]Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co., 444 F.3d 1104 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc)[Z]. [44]Gomnri Ramnachandran. Freedom of Dress: State and Private Regulation of Clothing, Hairstyle, Jewelry, Makeup, Tattoos, and Piercing[J]. Maryland Law Review, Vol.66, 2006. [45]Angela P. Harris. Transgender Rights, and Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity[J]. Women's Stud. Int. Q, Vol.36, 2008 (book review). [46]Janet Halley. Split Decisions: How and Why to Take a Break From Feminism[M]. Princeton University Press, 2006. [47]Frank Rudy Cooper. "Who's the Man?": Masculinities and Police Stops[J]. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Vol.18, 2009; Nancy E. Dowd. Masculinities and Feminist Legal Theory[J]. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society, Vol.23, 2008; Ann C. McGinley. Masculinities at Work[J]. Oregon Law Review, Vol.83, 2004. [48]Frank Rudy Cooper. Our First Unisex President: Black Masculinity and Obama's Feminine Side[J]. Denver University Law Review, Vol.86, 2009. [49]John A. Powell. Post-Racialism or Targeted Universalism?[J]. Denver University Law Review, Vol.86, 2009. [50]Healthy Families Act, H.R 2460, S. 1152, 111th Cong[Z]. 2009. [51]Rachel L. Swarns. Friendship Born at Harvard Goes on to White House[N]. New York Times, Mar. 10, 2009.