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| Restriction and Protection: Special Judicial Responses to Female Plaintiff and Defendant in Qing Dynasty |
| LI Xiang-sen |
| School of Law, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China |
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Abstract In the court of law in Qing Dynasty, there were many especial judicial responses to women. Firstly, the judges usually were cautious about the petitions which were related to women. Secondly, the cases were usually settled without an open trial to avoid the appearance of women in the court. Thirdly, during the trial, female were not put in detention or tortured arbitrarily by judges. Fourthly, the judges were serious and solemn when they interrogated women. Lastly, penalties applied to women were different from men. The main reason was to protect women. But, limiting the entry of women into litigation in the name of protecting them was a product of restrictive protection practice in a patriarchal society. Essentially, the self-restraint treatment of women in judicature was meant to meet and maintain the social codes of ethics formed around women.
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2015, Vol. 0 
